Scout View
1. Good lateral projection is judged by the closeness of superimposition of the two mandibular rami.
2. The center of the film should be at the anterior superior end of the ear lobes.
3. Careful coning of the x-ray beam improves the quality of the radiographs.
4. Proper lateral positioning is also determined by good superimposition of both orbital roofs and superimposition of the anterior and posterior clinoid processes.
Early arterial phase (0.5 seconds post injection of contrast into common carotid)
1. Common carotid artery
2. External carotid artery
3. Internal carotid artery
4. Petrous portion of the internal carotid artery
5. Cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery
6. Supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery. The artery has just become intradural and intra-arachnoid as it passes under and posterior to the anterior clinoid process.
Early arterial phase (1.5 seconds post injection)
1. Lingual artery
2. Facial artery
3. Occipital artery
4. Internal maxillary artery
5. Middle meningeal artery
6. Superficial temporal artery
7. Ophthalmic artery, branch of the internal carotid artery
8. Posterior communicating artery
9. Anterior choroidal artery
10. Posterior cerebral artery
11. Parieto-occipital branches of the posterior cerebral artery
12. Calcarine branches of the posterior cerebral artery
13. Anterior cerebral artery
14. Frontal polar branch of the anterior cerebral artery
15. Callosal marginal branch of the anterior cerebral artery
16. Pericallosal branch of the anterior cerebral artery
17. The main trunk and numerous sylvian branches of the middle cerebral artery
18. Ascending frontal and frontal opercular branches of the middle cerebral artery
19. Posterior frontal and frontal parietal branches of the middle cerebral artery (occasionally called the angular branch)
Capillary phase (4.5 seconds post injection)
1. Distal ascending frontal branches of the middle cerebral artery
2. Distal pericallosal branches of the anterior cerebral artery
3. Distal posterior parietal branch of the middle cerebral artery
4. Distal calcarine branch of the posterior cerebral artery
5. The general increase brightness of the film is secondary to capillary filling in the region of the basal ganglia and thalamus.
6. Note almost complete washout of contrast in the internal carotid artery. it is now being filled by unopacified blood
7. Capillaries in the choroid layer of the posterior portion of the globe, called the choroid blush
Early venous phase (5 seconds post injection)
1. Numerous superficial cortical veins draining the surface of the brain.
2. Lenticulostriate veins (draining the internal capsule and deep basal ganglia region)
3. Basilar vein of Rosenthal
4. Internal cerebral vein
5. Ophthalmic vein
6. Note the persistence of the choroid blush
Late venous phase (8 seconds post injection)
1. Anterior septal vein
2. Anterior caudate veins
3. Thalamostriate vein
4. Internal cerebral vein
5. Great vein of Galen
6. Straight sinus
7. Lateral atrial vein
8. Lateral ventricular vein, which rests in the roof of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles
9. Basilar vein of Rosenthal
10. Superficial middle cerebral vein
11. Superior sagittal sinus
12. Transverse sinuses
13. Sigmoid sinuses
14. Internal jugular vein